‘Young children’s sense of identity’ – Reading Answer Explanation – CAM- 9
Here are explanations of the Questions of passage named, ‘Young children’s sense of identity’ which is from the Cambridge 9 book. The Questions that have been asked are Finding information, Finding researchers’ name and Blanks. You will find the locations of the Reading Answers, Keywords(highlighted and underlined) and justifications.
READING PASSAGE 2: Young children’s sense of identity
| Question | Answer |
| 14 | G |
| 15 | C |
| 16 | G |
| 17 | D |
| 18 | H |
| 19 | E |
| 20 | D |
| 21 | B |
| 22 | E |
| 23 | C |
| 24 | MIRROR |
| 25 | COMMUNICATION |
| 26 | OWNERSHIP |
Questions 14-19
The Reading Passage has eight paragraphs, A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
14. an account of the method used by researchers in a particular study
Location and Answer: G
Explanation: The answer to this question is in the third line of the paragraph. ‘In one experiment, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) dabbed some red powder on the noses of children who were playing in front of a mirror, and then observed how often they touched their noses…’ Here, ‘particular study’ and ‘one experiment’ means the same. In addition, the writer states that they dabbed red powder on children’s nose so this give reference to the method used by researchers. Thus, the answer is clear.
‘Young children’s sense of identity’ – Reading Answer Explanation – CAM- 9
15. the role of imitation in developing a sense of identity
Location and Answer: C
Explanation: The writer says in first line, ‘Another powerful source of information for infants about the effects they can have on the world around them is provided when others mimic them…’ In second last line, ‘However, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) suggest that infants’ developing understanding that the movements they see in the mirror are contingent on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from other people…’ Here, ‘imitation’ and ‘mimic’ are synonyms. Moreover, ‘awareness that they are distinct from other people’ means that they develop a sense of identity.
‘Young children’s sense of identity’ – Reading Answer Explanation – CAM- 9
16. the age at which children can usually Identity a static image of themselves
Location and Answer: G
Explanation: The main keywords are ‘age’ and ‘static image’ and its reference is there in the initial lines of the paragraph. ‘Lewis and Brooks-Gunn argued that an important developmental milestone is reached when children become able to recognize themselves visually without the support of seeing contingent movement. This recognition occurs around their second birthday…’ Here, ‘recognize’ and ‘identify’ are synonyms. ‘visually without the support of seeing contingent movement…’ refers to the ‘ static image’. Moreover, ‘second birthday’ means ‘second year’. Therefore, this refers to the age.
17. a reason for the limitations of scientific research into ‘self- as-subject’.
Location and Answer: D
Explanation: The main keyword ‘self-as-subject’ helps to locate an answer in the last lines of the paragraph. ‘Empirical investigations of the self-as- subject in young children are, however, rather scarce because of difficulties of communication: even if young infants can reflect on their experience, they certainly cannot express this aspect of the self directly…’ Here, ‘empirical investigations’ refers to the research. ‘Scarce’= limitation. Moreover, ‘difficulties of communication’ is a reason for the limitation.
‘Young children’s sense of identity’ – Reading Answer Explanation – CAM- 9
18. reference to a possible link between culture and a particular form of behavior
Location and Answer: H
Explanation: The location of the answer is in the last line of the paragraph. ‘Although it may be less marked in other societies, the link between the sense of ’self’ and of ‘ownership’ is a notable feature of childhood in Western societies…’ Here, ‘western societies’ refers to the culture. In addition, ‘sense of self and of ownership’ refers to behaviour.
‘Young children’s sense of identity’ – Reading Answer Explanation – CAM- 9
19. examples of the wide range of features that contribute to the sense of ‘self-as-object’.
Location and Answer: E
Explanation: The main keyword ‘self-as-object’ helps to locate an answer in the last two lines of the paragraph. ‘This has been seen by many to be the aspect of the self which is most influenced by social elements, since it is made up of social roles (such as student, brother; colleague) and characteristics which derive their meaning from comparison or interaction with other people (such as trustworthiness, shyness, sporting ability)…’ Here, ‘interaction with other people (such as trustworthiness, shyness and sporting ability’ refers to the features. Thus, the answer is clear.
Questions 20-23
Look at the following findings (Questions 20-23) and the list oi researchers below.
Match each finding with the correct researcher or researchers, A-E.
Write the correct letter A-E, in boxes 20-23 on your answer sheet.
20. A sense of identity can never be formed without relationships with other people.
Location: F paragraph
Explanation: The location of the answer is in the fourth line of the paragraph. ‘Mead (1934) went even further, and saw the self and the social world as inextricably bound together. The self is essentially a social structure, and it arises in social experience… It is impossible to conceive of a self-arising outside of social experience…’ Here, ‘impossible to conceive’ and ‘never be formed’ means the same. Moreover, ‘self arising’= sense of identity. ‘Social experience’= ‘relationships with other people.’
Answer: D
‘Young children’s sense of identity’ – Reading Answer Explanation – CAM- 9
21. A child’s awareness of self is related to a sense of mastery over things and people.
Location: B paragraph
Explanation: The writer says in fifth line, ‘Cooley (1902) suggested that a lot of the self-as-subject was primarily concerned with being able to exercise power. He proposed that the earliest examples of this are an infants attempts to control physical objects, such as toys or his or her own limbs…’ Here, ‘ control physical objects’ refers to ‘mastery over things’. ‘Self-as-subject’ refers to the ‘self awareness’.
22. At a certain age, children’s sense of identity leads to aggressive behavior.
Location: H paragraph
Explanation: The answer to this question is in the second line of the paragraph. ‘Bronson (1975) found that the intensity of the frustration and anger in their disagreements increased sharply between the ages of 1 and 2 years…’ Here, ‘Frustration and anger’ refers to ‘aggressive behaviour’. In addition, ‘1 and 2 years’ refers to a certain age.
Answer: E
‘Young children’s sense of identity’ – Reading Answer Explanation – CAM- 9
23. Observing their own reflection contributes to children‘s self-awareness.
Location: C paragraph
Explanation: The location of the answer is in the second last line of the paragraph. ‘However, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) suggest that infants’ developing understanding that the movements they see in the mirror are contingent on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from other people…’ Here, ‘movements they see in the mirror’ means ‘observing their own reflection’. Thus, the answer is C.
Answer: C
List of Researchers
A James
B Cooley
C Lewis and Brooks-Gunn
D Mead
E Bronson
Questions 24-26
Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.
How children acquire a sense of identity
First, children come to realize that they can have an effect on the world around them, for example by handling objects. or causing the image to move when they face a 24 ……………….
Location: C paragraph
Explanation: The answer to this question is in the third line of the paragraph. ‘young children enjoy looking in mirrors, where the movements they can see are dependent upon their own movements…’ That means when they face mirror they cause an image to move. Thus, the answer is ‘mirror’
Answer: mirror
‘Young children’s sense of identity’ – Reading Answer Explanation – CAM- 9
This aspect of self-awareness is difficult to research directly, because of 25…….……… problems.
Location: D paragraph
Explanation: The location of the answer is in the last two lines of the paragraph. ‘Empirical investigations of the self-as- subject in young children are, however, rather scarce because of difficulties of communication: even if young infants can reflect on their experience, they certainly cannot express this aspect of the self directly…’ Here, ‘difficulties’ and ‘problems’ means the same. ‘Investigations’ and ‘research’ are synonyms. Thus, the answer is ‘Communication’.
Answer: Communication
Secondly. children start to become aware of how they are viewed by others. One important stage in this process is the visual recognition of themselves which usually occurs when they reach the age of two. In Western societies at least, the development of self-awareness is often linked to a sense of 26 ………………….. , and can lead to disputes.
Location: Last paragraph
Explanation: The main keyword is ‘western societies’ and its reference is there in the last line of the paragraph. ‘Although it may be less marked in other societies, the link between the sense of ’self’ and of ‘ownership’ is a notable feature of childhood in Western societies…’ Here, ‘sense of self’ and ‘self-awareness’ means the same. It is linked with ownership. Thus, the answer is clear.
Answer: Ownership
‘Young children’s sense of identity’ – Reading Answer Explanation – CAM- 9
‘Young children’s sense of identity’ – Reading Answer Explanation – CAM- 9