‘Living with artificial intelligence’ – Reading Answer Explanation – CAM – 18
Here are explanations of the Questions of passage named ‘Living with artificial intelligence’, which is from the Cambridge 18 book. The Questions that have been asked are ‘MCQs’, ‘ Summary Blanks’ and ‘Yes/No/Not Given. You will find the locations of the Reading Answers, Keywords(highlighted and underlined) and justifications.
READING PASSAGE 2: ‘Living with artificial intelligence’
| Question | Answer |
| 14 | C |
| 15 | A |
| 16 | B |
| 17 | D |
| 18 | C |
| 19 | D |
| 20 | YES |
| 21 | NOT GIVEN |
| 22 | NO |
| 23 | YES |
| 24 | C |
| 25 | A |
| 26 | E |
Questions 14-19
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes A,B,C OR D 14-19 on your answer sheet
14. What point does the writer make about AI in the first paragraph?
A It is difficult to predict how quickly Al will progress
B Much can be learned about the use of Al in chass machines
C The future is unlikely to see limitations on the capabilities of Al
D Experts disagree on which specialised tasks Al will be able to perform
Location: 1st paragraph
Explanation: This question can be answered by applying elimination method. The writer says in the second last line of the paragraph. ‘. But many experts believe this restriction is very temporary By mid-century, we may have artificial general intelligence (AGI)-machines that can achlova human-level performance on the full range of tasks that we ourselves can tackle….’ Here, ‘restrictions’ and ‘limitations’ are synonyms. The writer states that restrictions are temporary that means it is unlikely to see limitations on the capabilities of A1. Thus, the best option is C.
Answer: C
‘Living with artificial intelligence’ – Reading Answer Explanation – CAM – 18
15. What is the writer doing in the second paragraph?
A explaining why machines will be able to outperform humans
B describing the characteristics that humans and machines share
C giving information about the development of machine intelligence
D indicating which aspects of humans are the most advanced
Location: 2nd paragraph
Explanation: This is easy to answer this question by understanding the overall perspective of the question. ‘Our brains run at slow blochemical processing speeds on the power of a light bulb, and their size is restricted by the dimensions of the human birth canal. It is remarkable what they accomplish, given these handicaps. But they may be as far from the physical limits of thought as our eyes are from the Incredibly powerful Webb Space Telescope….’ Here, ‘they may be far from the physical limits of thoughts’ states that machines will outperform humans. Moreover, the writer explains the reason in these lines. Thus, the correct answer is A.
Answer: A
‘Living with artificial intelligence’ – Reading Answer Explanation – CAM – 18
16. Why does the writer mention the story of King Midas?
A to compare different visions of progress
B to illustrate that poorly defined objectives can go wrong
C to emphasise the need for cooperation
D to point out the financial advantages of a course of action
Location: 3rd paragraph
Explanation: The main keyword ‘King Midas’ helps to locate an answer in the second last line of the paragraph. ‘Folklore is full of tales of people who ask for the wrong thing, with disastrous consequences-King Midas, for example, might have wished that everything he touched turned to gold, but didn’t really intend this to apply to his breakfast…’ Here, ‘ask for wrong things’ indirectly means ‘poorly defined objectives’. In addition, ‘disastrous consequences’ means ‘its results can go wrong’. Thus, the answer is clear.
Answer: B
‘Living with artificial intelligence’ – Reading Answer Explanation – CAM – 18
17. What challenge does the writer refer to in the fourth paragraph?
A encouraging humans to behave in a more principled way
B deciding which values we want Al to share with us
C creating a better world for all creatures on the planet
D ensuring Al is more human-friendly than we are ourselves
Location: 4th paragraph
Explanation: The main keyword is ‘challenge’ and its reference is there in the initial lines of the paragraph. ‘So we need to create powerful Al machines that are ‘human-friendly-that have goals reliably aligned with our own values. One thing that makes this task difficult is that we are far from reliably human-friendly ourselves….’ Here, ‘make this task difficult’ refers to the ‘challenge’. Thus, the author describes that we can ensure that A1 is more human-friendly by creating powerful machines.
Answer: D
‘Living with artificial intelligence’ – Reading Answer Explanation – CAM – 18
18. What does the writer suggest about the future of Al in the fifth paragraph?
A The safety of machines will become a key issue.
B It is hard to know what impact machines will have on the world.
C Machines will be superior to humans in certain respects.
D Many humans will oppose machines having a wider role.
Location: 5th paragraph
Explanation: The writer says in the fifth paragraph, ‘For safety’s sake, then, we want the machines to be ethically as well as cognitively superhuman We want them to aim for the moral high ground, not for the troughs in which many of us spend some of our time. Luckily they’ll be smart enough for the job we are routes to the moth high ground, they’ll be better than us at finding them, and steering us in the right direction…’ Here, this means machines will be smart enough for the job we route to…’ Also, they will better in finding right directions. Moreover, ‘better than us’ means these will be superior than human beings. Thus, the best option is C.
Answer: C
‘Living with artificial intelligence’ – Reading Answer Explanation – CAM – 18
19. Which of the following best summarises the writer’s argument in the sixth paragraph?
A More intelligent machines will result in greater abuses of power.
B There are a limited number of people with the knowledge to program machines
C Human shortcomings will make creating the machines we need more difficult
D Machine learning will share very few features with human learning.
Location: 6th paragraph
Explanation: This type of question can be only answered after understanding the perspective of whole paragraph ‘The ‘getting started problem is that we need to tell the machines what they’re looking for with sufficient clarity that we can be confident they will find it whatever actually turns out to be. This won’t be easy, given that we are tribal creatures and conflicted about the ideals ourselves. We often ignore the suffering of strangers, and even contribute to it, at least indirectly. How then, do we point machines in the direction of something better…’ Here, the writer clarifies that Machine learning will share very few features with human learning. Thus, the answer is D.
Answer: D
Questions 20-23
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the win
In boxes 20-23 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
20. Machines with the ability to make moral decisions may prevent us from promoting the interests of our communities.
Location: 7th paragraph
Explanation: The main keyword ‘moral decisions’ helps to locate an answer in the last two lines of the paragraph. ‘human Machines who are better than us at sticking to the moral high ground may be expected to discourage some of the lapses we presently take for granted. We might lose our freedom to discriminate in favour of our own communities, for example….’ Here, ‘to the moral high ground…’ and ‘the ability to make moral decisions…’ means the same. Moreover, ‘expected to discourage some of the lapses we presently take for granted…’ has been written as ‘prevent us from promoting the interests…’ in the question. ‘Expected’= ‘may, ‘discourage’= ‘prevent promoting’.
Answer: Yes
‘Living with artificial intelligence’ – Reading Answer Explanation – CAM – 18
21. Silicon police would need to exist in large numbers in order to be effective.
Location: 8th paragraph
Explanation: Though the main keyword ‘silicon police’ is there in the second last line of the paragraph. ‘But are we ready for ethical silicon police limiting our options? They might be so good at doing it that we won’t notice them; but few of us are likely to welcome such a future….’ But there is no information regarding whether it would need to in large numbers in order to be effective. Thus, no information available.
Answer: Not Given
22. Many people are comfortable with the prospect of their independence being restricted by machines.
Location: 8th paragraph
Explanation: The location of the answer is in the ninth paragraph. ‘Loss of freedom to behave badly isn’t always a bad thing, of course, denying ourselves the freedom to put children to work in factories, or to smoke in restaurants are signs of progress. But are we ready for ethical silicon police limiting our options? They might be so good at doing it that we won’t notice them; but few of us are likely to welcome such a future….’ Here, ‘Loss of freedom’ and ‘independence being restricted’ means the same. Also, ‘many people are comfortable…’ is opposite to ‘few of us are likely to welcome such a future’ as many people are not comfortable with his prospect. Thus, the answer is No.
Answer: No
‘Living with artificial intelligence’ – Reading Answer Explanation – CAM – 18
23. If we want to ensure that machines act in our best interests, we all need to work together
Location: Second last paragraph
Explanation: The answer to this question is in the last lines of the paragraph. ‘we need to point these new thinkers in the right direction, and get them to act well for us. It is not yet clear whether this is possible, but if it is, it will require a cooperative spirit, and a willingness to set aside self-interest….’ Here, ‘act well for us…’ refers to the ‘act in our best interests’. Furthermore, ‘cooperative spirit’ and ‘work together’ means the same.
Answer: Yes
Questions 24-26
Complete the summary using the list of phrases, A-F, below.
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet
Using Al in the UK health system
Al currently has a limited role in the way 24……..….are allocated in the health service. The positive aspect of Al having a bigger role is that, it would be more efficient and lead to patient benefits.
Location: 9th paragraph
Explanation: The main keyword ‘health service’ helps to locate an answer in the second line of the paragraph. ‘Al already has some input into how resources are used in our National Health Service (NHS) here in the UK, for example. If it was given a greater role, it might do so much more efficiently than humans can manage, and act in the interests of taxpayers and those who use the health system…’ Here, ‘allocated’ and ‘used’ are synonyms. Thus, the answer is clear.
Answer: C
‘Living with artificial intelligence’ – Reading Answer Explanation – CAM – 18
However, such a change would result for example, in certain 25………. not having their current level of 26………. It is therefore important that Al goals are appropriate so that discriminatory practices could be avoided.
Location: 9th paragraph
Explanation: The main keyword ‘A1 goals’ helps to locate an answer in the last two lines of the paragraph. ‘However, we’d be depriving some humans (e.g. senior doctors) of the control they presently enjoy. Since we’d want to ensure that people are treated equally and that policies are fair, the goals of Al would need to be specified correctly….’ Here, ‘senior doctors’ refers to ‘medical practitioners’. Moreover, ‘ depriving of the control they presently enjoy…’ indirectly give reference to ‘professional authority’.
Answer: (25) A (26) E
A medical practitioners
B specialised tasks
C available resource
D reduced illness
E professional authority
F technology experts
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